Business Ethics Essay - 4857 Words

71203 Business Ethics Assignment 1 Drawing on ethical theory to critique a claim. Businesses putting something back into the local community... ...Morally obligatory - or not? Utilitarian and Kantian Moral Theory Viewpoints Tanya Lundie 9118692 27 March 2009 Rainbow (2002) describes ethical theories as being â€Å"...the foundations of ethical analysis...† because they are viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained in the interests of determining â€Å"...what counts as acting ethically...† (The Open Polytechnic, 2009, p.15). This essay draws on such ‘foundations’ to critique a claim about what makes an action morally obligatory for businesses. It is presented in four parts, the aim being to clarify my understanding of the positions of†¦show more content†¦The non-consequentialist, deontological[3] approach of the former sees moral importance inhered in the principle (motive) of the action (a good in itself) via our rationality – consequences are immaterial. Whilst the consequentialist, teleological[4] basis for the latter provides that the consequences of the action are determinant of their morality - motives matter only insofar as they are conducive to maximising happiness (a good in itsel f). I’ll now outline each in turn. John Stuart Mill[5] (1806-1873) proposed what utilitarians appeal to in moral decision-making; the principle of utility; or, the Greatest Happiness Principle which: ...holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure...absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. (Mills, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p.17) The general utilitarian view is that happiness is a good in itself. The greatest good is securing maximal happiness/pleasure (good consequences) and minimal suffering/pain (bad consequences) for everybody, by acting morally well. Each person’s happiness counts the same, as Bentham (cited by The Open Poly, 2009, p.18) points out â€Å"...each to count for one, and none for more than one...† We must assess all possible actions and all persons impacted by such. We then judge actions as right/wrong in terms of theirShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics Essay3440 Words   |  14 PagesThe Moral Compass essay Ethics relates to given principles that govern behavior and conduct of a human being. Business ethics on the other hand is the code of a conduct that a company or an organization abides to in the day to day operations with the public (Conjecture Corporation, 2011). Making profits and high volume sales should not be the only goal of a business, a good reputation to the public is also very important for the survival of a company. This has led to companies formulating theirRead MoreEssay Business Ethics1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe stockholder and stakeholder theories are two popular frameworks used to examine the purpose of business and its ethical obligations. With reference to the quote above, both theories seem rational and enjoy strong support. However, a common failing of both is typically how humans interpret and implement the theories in contemporary business environments. For instance, Enron was so focused on the raising the price of their stock that they â€Å"cooked the boo ks to produce fake profits†1. This paperRead More Business Ethics Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s global society, a Code of Ethics policy is used to label established, acceptable behaviors among that industry’s business associates, potential investors, and the corporation’s executive officers and employees, and most important, the consumer (Ethics Resource Center, 2003). In an attempt to promote an increased efficiency and productivity potential level, among employees and prospective clients, a corporation’s standard Code of Ethics should guide its members toward a more in-depthRead More Business Ethics Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Wikipedia, ethics, also known as â€Å"moral philosophy†, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality. Concepts such as good and bad, noble, right and wrong, justice and virtue. To business, ethics is a tool to examine principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Therefore, business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive disc ipline. Ethics is a part of the larger social ethics, and also always affect business development. In otherRead More Business Ethics Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a multifaceted field that cannot be defined with a single definition. This area addresses numerous issues, problems, and dilemmas within the management of businesses. It does this through numerous perspectives and methods. Of course, in order to present the complexities of business ethics, we must explore the types of issues that business professionals are confronted with all the time. Business ethics not only portray to humans, but also to how businesses treatRead MoreEssay on Business Ethics779 Words   |  4 PagesKristine Martin Business Ethics Unit 3 Case Summary -China, India, and Wal-Mart: Issues of Price, Quality, and Sourcing:: Case Questions: 1. What are the ethical issues associated with Wal-Mart’s extensive sourcing of low-cost products from China? Wal-Mart pricing is too low. As the worlds largest retailer, Wal-Mart leverages its huge orders to convince factories to sell goods at low prices that are not sustainable. This puts pressure on other brands to pay less, thereby settingRead MoreEssay Business Ethics624 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness ethics is the behavior that a business adheres to in its daily dealings with the world. The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. They apply not only to how the business interacts with the world at large, but also to their one-on-one dealings with a single customer. Examples: What would you do? • You are in a head-to-head battle with your arch competitor, Evil Enterprises. One of your co-workers approaches you. He has recently joined your company after having worked for a secondRead More Business Ethics Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a diverse field that cannot be defined with a single definition. This area addresses numerous issues, problems, and dilemmas within the management of businesses. Does this through numerous perspectives and methods. Of course, in order to present the complexities of business ethics, we must explore the types of issues that business professionals are continuously confronted with. To understand one must know the definition of corporate ethics as wellRead MoreEssay on Business Ethics1066 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Ethics The statement has been made that ethics has no place in business and the implications of this statement and its inferring characteristics provide a complex issue in the operation of national and multinational corporations. Because ethical decision making is often not as profitable as choices that do not embrace ethical elements, the perspective has emerged that the nature of an effective business mindset inherently brings about unethical behavior. In order to considerRead MoreBusiness Ethics Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Business Ethics Unit 37: National Diploma Assignment brief TASK 1: Scenario: Business ethics - a study of a selected company With growing interest among consumers regarding the business ethics of the businesses brands that consumers buy, Westminster council wants to conduct an independent review of some of the organisations that sell their goods and services in the borough. You have been asked to select one of the following brands and conduct research into their business ethics.

The Abduction of Women in The Secret History of the Mongols

The Abduction of Women in â€Å"The Secret History of the Mongols† The Mongols livelihood was based on tribal raids en-order to survive. During the twelfth century the Mongols wanted to be ruler over the Khitans, and Jurchens, which consisted of a majority of wandering individuals that continued to reside in the east, and learned to become skilled at assets from China. The Turks were another group of peoples that wanted to become ruler over the Khitans, and Jurchens. This particular group of individuals was well trained in working with metal, but revolted against the Rouruans, which previously conquered the eastern Silk Road of Central Asia , and continued to the region of Mongolia. In the twelfth century war rage between the Jurchens, and the†¦show more content†¦The Mongols women, also tended the animals, make clothes, and show expertise in shooting, and riding. The women and men in the Mongols tribe communicated equally in decision-making. The daily life of the Mon gols men consist of making wagons for riding purposes, and the foundations for family dwelling. The Mongols men, also made equipment for livestock’s, hunting, and combat. Some of the men of Mongols were excellent in metal working, making weapons, such as spears, and knives. The number one rule of the Mongols was peoples of the same clan could not marry, but could obtain a wife from rival clans. Another tradition of the Mongols if the female husband dies, she is usually inherited by a former brother-in-law, or step-son. The Mongols tribes usually consisted of individuals that were not closely related to each other’s. The tribes often stole livestock of others, and kidnapped women for potential wives. A substantial amount of work was done, by slaves, which was captured men from rivalry tribes. The Mongols tribes’ daily chore was protecting the clan against the assault, or violence of other tribes. The Mongols created the most unique empires of their era, and was e xcellent in working with metal, and livestock. The Mongols religion consists of an elder, which supposedly were able to talk with the gods. The Mongols thought of the heaven, and sky as the supreme god, yet accepted the belief in other gods. In thisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Women’s Role within the Mongol Empire1277 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Role within the Mongol Empire The Mongols were nomadic people that lived in tribes in Asia during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The joining of numerous tribes would eventually form one of the biggest empires in history. With the lack of rain though the region, the Mongols did not have wide spread agriculture, instead they would herd sheep, cattle, goats, horses, and camels that thrived on the grasses and shrubs of the steppe lands where they lived. The Mongol tribes would travel withRead MoreComparison Between Japan and Russia13811 Words   |  56 Pages[pic][pic] Table of contents General information about Russia and Japan 4 Japan 4 Background 4 Tsunami Devastates Japan 5 History 6 Geographical facts 8 Demographical facts 9 Economic facts 11 FOREIGN RELATIONS 13 Governmental facts 15 Infrastructural facts 16 Russia 18 Background 18 History 18 Geographical facts 20 Demographical facts 20 Economical Facts 20 FOREIGN RELATIONS 22 Governmental facts 22 InfrastructuralRead MoreCultural Analysis of North Korea Essay12722 Words   |  51 PagesMatthew Cordova Ruting Yuan Guoying Chen Chris Rosen Prepared for: Dr. Gerry Huybregts BUS 310 October 30, 2008 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 NORTH KOREA HISTORY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Figure 1 Geographic Map†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 ECONOMIC BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Figure 2 United States GDP per Capita†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 Figure 3

Layoffs & Plant Closure Issues in Singapore-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relations in Asia. Answer: Introduction: Plant closing and a consequent layoff is a serious setback for the local national government, the employers and the labors. A plant closing can be defined as an impermanent shutdown which has no certainties for when it will reopen or will it remain closed forever. Layoffs can be defined as a temporary or a permanent removal of workers (Kopelman Rosen, 2016). This assignment is purposefully aimed at identifying the roles that the employers, employees and the government can play to prevent layoff cases in Singapore. This is to be noted that there have been few layoff cases in Singapore such as with few reputed organizations that had also being described in this paper. Layoffs and plant closure issues in Singapore Role of employers: According to government norms, employers need to follow a proper and an ethical retrenchment process in situations like plant closing (Ford Gillan, 2016). A standout amongst the hugest cases of such a shutdown is of the Coca-Cola Singapore Beverages (CCSB) in Tuas. The firm was rolling out infrastructural improvements and making arrangements in forms of investments, to move its plant to Malaysia from Singapore, which was evaluated to have been influencing 200 representatives. In any case, the organization employed 450 specialists across Singapore a while later, after proposals and suggestions that were being made by the NTUC. Employers are likewise expected to inform the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) when they are choosing to close down and are committed to give their representatives the possibility and information of a notice period, the length of which relies upon to the extent the particular employee was part of the organization (Mom.gov.sg., 2017). The procedure has extraordinarily helped in guaranteeing the human rights of the works as on account of employees of Resorts World Sentosa (Leong, 2016). The administration of RWS worked pair with MOM and the Attractions, Resorts and Entertainment Union (AREU) to ensure the representatives get their legitimate benefits. This case required the help of the worker's parties as the people who did not take the conservation offer were sacked. The organization had indeed needed to chop down expenses and preparing the workers. So that, it could be ensured that workers acquire below SG $ 4500 were given repayment and training (Leong, 2016). The standards of retrenchment policies additionally helped workers on account of Goldman Sach's downsizing of representatives in Singapore. The Goldman Sach's increasingly cuts workers to keep up a productive income in terms with their rivals (Reuters, 2016). The Management of Goldman Sach's ensure that representatives who are being conserved are advised in advance and given appropriate repayment. The administration paid the representatives a decent sum as a separating advantage as it was in moving activities. The representatives of the Goldman Sachs were given better opportunities in aggressive firms to enhance their odds at getting work. Role of employee: The labors and the labour unions have a noteworthy part to play in dealing with the cutbacks in the association helping in the best possible management of the distinctive issues emerging between the management and the employees amid the cutback procedure (Marginson, 2016). As per the laws in Singapore, the workers who have served over two years are qualified for the retrenchment benefits while the other employees may get payments for the maintenance of the generosity of the organization (Marginson, 2016). On account of the cutbacks by the Standard Chartered bank of Singapore to cut the activities cost of the bank, the repayment and the retrenchment of the workers were given as they were provided a specific notice period to serve before their last cutback. The labor unions in Singapore act as medium and correspondence channels between the businesses and the labors. The organiation of the cutback and the retrenchment of the worker were arranged by the diverse experts representing the bank with the assistance of the neighborhood union body (Independent, 2016). The union played a dynamic part in decision of the repayment benefits and the training of the workers. The Australia and New Zealand bank is one of alternate illustrations where the laid off representatives figured out how to learn different exchanges and the NTUC played an essential part in this (TODAYonline, 2016). Since the retrenchment was all around overseen and in little bunches it was not featured by the organization. The MOM and the WSG ensured that the retrenched workers get employment facilitation support. The HSBC bank is Singapore too is concentrating on cutting expenses by lay off representatives and the labor unions ensure that these organizations follow retrenchment policies and the privileges of the workers are not hampered. The representatives for the most part moved to various banking jobs with the assistance of MOM (The Straits Times, 2016). Role of government: The government involvement in dealing with the correspondence of the cutbacks in the diverse associations helps in ensuring that the privileges of either party are not hampered. There are various issues amid the laying off that are solved by an alternate arrangement of laws (Woolfson, 2017).The government regularly faces intense difficulties in providing openings for work as in account of oil and gas representatives when they were laid off (AsiaOne, 2016). The government retrenchment and retraining strategies haled these representatives land distinctive positions via training them with various ranges of abilities. In case of retrenchment, the retrenchment rules ensured that the Workforce Singapore (WSG), the tripartite accomplices MOM, NTUC and the Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) ought to be educated to upgrade the employability of the people through training (Mom.gov.sg., 2018). This played a critical part when Rakuten cut off its activities in Singapore laying in excess of 100 representatives and the government ensured their necessities were fulfilled. The workers were given one month's notice and retrenchment advantages, for example, repayment and support for the preparation and the improvement program as the firm was not unionized. The tripartite laws consider the diverse practices of retrenchment of the representatives on account of the end of an organization (Mom.gov.sg., 2018). The government guarantees that the warnings are taken after as on account of Maersk Line which had a gigantic cutback of 4000 workers in 2017. The absence of financing for the tasks caused this choice yet government assumed liability to give different chances to the representatives and they were given one month's notice and a proportionate measure of cash. The tripartite laws consider the distinctive practices of retrenchment of the representatives on account of the end of a union. MOM ensured that the businesses take after the Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices (Mom.gov.sg, 2018). Should government be involved at all? Positively, it is very pivotal for government to intervene and take activities for enhancing the layoff circumstance. In the modern times, because of the automation of most of the procedures over various organizations the advisory and rules of retrenchment help in securing the privileges of the workers in the nation. One of the rules that given out are the voluntary separation schemes which will be given by the businesses if the position is getting to be excess or the organization is in the rebuilding procedure. The rules about the retrenchment approaches of the workers and benefits given to them come under the Tripartite Guidelines. Thus, the staffs can have an informed consent with a reasonable detail and choose whether or not they need to take after the plan. The rules consider the notice time of illuminating the worker about the retrenchment, and the distinctive parties to be educated beforehand, the reason to be appeared to the employees while advising about their retrenchment ( Mom.gov.sg, 2017). One of the cases of extraordinary government interventions in retrenchment was that on account of Singapore Press Holdings where the employees were educated about the activity cut minutes previously. For this situation, the monitory of Manpower and the NTUC held a career counselling and work drive for them and furthermore gave retrenchment grants (Marginson, 2016). The Barclays Bank additionally retrenched 100 workers in Singapore in what is viewed as one of the most noticeably awful retrenchment works out. In such case government intervention enables the labors to land alternative positions and a specific undisclosed sum as repayment (Boon, 2016). Royal Bank of Scotland is another bank which retrenched very nearly 2600 representatives. The government helps and the career counselling helped them discover employments in the developing banks in Singapore like the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Independent, 2016). Conclusion: Therefore, the distinctive strategies and by the legislature and the diverse assemblages of labor parties in Singapore ensure that the labors get their due offer of rights in the changing market and the organizational changes. The way that emerges is the government and the labor unions go the degree of training the employees to enhance their activity prospects incredibly stands out. The responsibility of the government is to guarantee the welfare the privilege of its citizen and by the retrenchment strategies and their capable execution, it ensures that the privileges of the working populace isn't hampered. References: Abdullah, A. B. M. (2017).Managing the Psychological Contract: Employee Relations in South Asia. Springer. AsiaOne. (2016).Axe to fall on hundreds more in Singapore oil gas sector. [online] Available at: https://www.asiaone.com/business/axe-fall-hundreds-more-singapore-oil-gas-sector [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018]. Boxall, P. (2014). The future of employment relations from the perspective of human resource management.Journal of Industrial Relations,56(4), 578-593. Donaghey, J., Reinecke, J., Niforou, C., Lawson, B. (2014). From employment relations to consumption relations: Balancing labor governance in global supply chains.Human Resource Management,53(2), 229-252. Ford, M., Gillan, M. (2016). Employment relations and the state in Southeast Asia.Journal of Industrial Relations,58(2), 167-182. Friedman, E., Kuruvilla, S. (2015). Experimentation and decentralization in Chinas labor relations.Human Relations,68(2), 181-195. Harris, T. R. (2016).A phenomenological investigation of small-business closure in California: An examination of the leadership process. Pepperdine University. Independent, T. (2016).Few jobs available for retrenched senior banking staff. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.theindependent.sg/few-jobs-available-for-retrenched-senior-banking-staff/ [Accessed 19 Feb. 2018]. Kopelman, J. L., Rosen, H. S. (2016). Are Public Sector Jobs Recession-Proof? Were They Ever?.Public Finance Review,44(3), 370-396. Leong, G. (2016).Resorts World Sentosa laying off 400; analysts cite bad debt problem. [online] The Straits Times. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/resorts-world-sentosa-laying-off-400-analysts-cite-bad-debt-problem [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018]. Marginson, P. (2016). Governing work and employment relations in an internationalized economy: the institutional challenge.ILR Review,69(5), 1033-1055. Mom.gov.sg. (2017).Tripartite Guidelines on Mandatory Retrenchment Notifications. [online] Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mom/documents/employment-practices/guidelines/tripartite-guidelines-on-mandatory-retrenchment-notifications.pdf?la=en [Accessed 15 Feb. 2018]. Mom.gov.sg. (2018).TRIPARTITE ADVISORY ON MANAGING EXCESS MANPOWER AND RESPONSIBLE RETRENCHMENT. [online] Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mom/documents/employment-practices/guidelines/tripartite-advisory-on-managing-excess-manpower-and-responsible-retrenchment.pdf?la=en [Accessed 15 Feb. 2018]. Reuters. (2016).Exclusive: Goldman axing nearly 30 percent of Asia investment.... [online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-sachs-asia-jobs/exclusive-goldman-axing-nearly-30-percent-of-asia-investment-banking-jobs-sources-idUSKCN11T227 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2018]. The Straits Times. (2016).HSBC said to cut senior investment-banking jobs to lower costs. [online] Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/business/banking/hsbc-said-to-cut-senior-investment-banking-jobs-to-lower-costs [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018]. TODAYonline. (2016).Spore job cuts at ANZ leave employees uncertain about future. [online] Available at: https://www.todayonline.com/business/spore-job-cuts-anz-leave-employees-uncertain-about-future [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018]. Woolfson, C. (2017). The Singapore scenario: the uncertain prospects for labour standards in post?Brexit Britain.Industrial Relations Journal,48(5-6), 384-402.